AC 85 - Panormus (Carthage), silver, tetradrachms (405-340 BCE)
From SILVER
405 BCE - 340 BCE Silver 4,090 kg
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | ş y ş (Punic).Charioteer, holding kentron in his right hand and the reins in his left, driving a galloping quadriga to left, above, Nike flying right to crown the charioteer. |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | Head of Arethusa to right with her hair tied by a band, around, four dolphins swimming downward |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Panormus | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Sicily | Modern countryModern country: Italy | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: | Carthaginian Empire |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 405 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 340 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Classical 480-323 BC 
|
Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Silver
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 17.10 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | tetradrachm
|
StandardStandard.: |
Image
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AC 85 - Panormus, silver, tetradrachms (405-340 BCE).jpg [1]
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | Jenkins 19711Jenkins 1971 | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | Sear I2Sear I, n° 882, 885-886 and 891-893, RQEMAC3RQEMAC, n° 85, HGC 24HGC 2, n° 1004 | ||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 3 | 1 | 8.33 | 3 | 1.95 | 11 |
| 5 | 2 | 16.67 | 10 | 6.49 | 6, 9 |
| 6 | 2 | 16.67 | 12 | 7.79 | 1, 5 |
| 13 | 1 | 8.33 | 13 | 8.44 | 10 |
| 14 | 2 | 16.67 | 28 | 18.18 | 2, 12 |
| 15 | 1 | 8.33 | 15 | 9.74 | 3 |
| 21 | 1 | 8.33 | 21 | 13.64 | 8 |
| 25 | 1 | 8.33 | 25 | 16.23 | 7 |
| 27 | 1 | 8.33 | 27 | 17.53 | 4 |
| Total | 12 of 12 | 99.99 | 154 of 154 | 99.99 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 12 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 39 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 154 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 12.83 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 3.95 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 3.25 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 11.96 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 239,200 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 13.01 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00064 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | % | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 25,752.51 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | 4,090 kg <br /> 4,090 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 64,381.27 |
Remarks
Most likely one single workstation
References
- ^ Jenkins, Gilbert Kenneth (1971), "Coins of Punic Sicily. Part 1", Revue Suisse de Numismatique, 50, p. 25-78, pl. 1-24.
- ^ Sear, David R. (1978), Greek coins and their values. Vol. I, Europe, London, xl, 316 p.
- ^ Callataÿ, François de (2003), Recueil quantitatif des émissions monétaires archaïques et classiques, Numismatique Romaine, Wetteren, VII + 267 p.
- ^ Hoover, Oliver D. (2012), The Handbook of Greek Coinage Series. 2. Handbook of the Coins of Sicily (Including Lipara). Civic, Royal, Siculo-Punic, and Romano-Sicilian Issues. Sixth to First Centuries BC, Lancaster-London, 489 p.
