S 1178 - Sardis, bronze, 133-100 BC
From SILVER
133 BCE - 100 BCE Bronze
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Different types: 1) Head of Dionysos right, wearing diadem (group 8, no. 1827-1828), 2) Head right, wearing diadem (group 8, no. 1829-1833), 3) Head of Heracles right, wearing Nemean lion skin headdress or head right, wearing laurel wreath, lion skin around neck (group 9), 4) Head of Apollo right, wearing laurel wreath (group 10) |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | ΣΑΡΔΙΑΝΩΝ (Greek).Several types: 1) Forepart of lion right. In field, monogram (group 8, no. 1827), 2) Panther with horns left. In field, monogram (group 8, no. 1828), 3) Demeter left. In field, magistrate name (group 8, no. 1829-1833), 4) Cantharos. in field, monogram (group 9, no. 1834), 5) Club and bow in bow case. In right field, bee (group 9, no. 1835-1836), 6) Apollo left. In field, monogram (and magistrate name). All within laurel wreath (group 9, series 1837-1857), 7) Lion right and bee. In field magistrate name (group 9, series 1858-1859), 8) Club. In field monogram. All within oak wreath (group 10). |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Sardis | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Lydia | Modern countryModern country: Turkey | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: | Roman Republic |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 133 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 100 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Hellenistic 323-30 BC 
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Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Bronze
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Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 5.00 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | StandardStandard.: |
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | Hochard 20201Hochard 2020, p. 358-368, series 4, groups 8-10, no. 1827-1860. | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 11 | 22.45 | 11 | 3.38 | |
| 2 | 4 | 8.16 | 8 | 2.46 | |
| 3 | 4 | 8.16 | 12 | 3.69 | |
| 4 | 5 | 10.2 | 20 | 6.15 | |
| 5 | 5 | 10.2 | 25 | 7.69 | |
| 6 | 1 | 2.04 | 6 | 1.85 | |
| 7 | 4 | 8.16 | 28 | 8.62 | |
| 8 | 1 | 2.04 | 8 | 2.46 | |
| 9 | 2 | 4.08 | 18 | 5.54 | |
| 10 | 1 | 2.04 | 10 | 3.08 | |
| 11 | 4 | 8.16 | 44 | 13.54 | |
| 12 | 1 | 2.04 | 12 | 3.69 | |
| 14 | 1 | 2.04 | 14 | 4.31 | |
| 18 | 1 | 2.04 | 18 | 5.54 | |
| 21 | 1 | 2.04 | 21 | 6.46 | |
| 22 | 1 | 2.04 | 22 | 6.77 | |
| 23 | 1 | 2.04 | 23 | 7.08 | |
| 25 | 1 | 2.04 | 25 | 7.69 | |
| Total | 49 of 49 | 99.97 | 325 of 325 | 100 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 49 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 11 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 158 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 325 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 6.63 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 2.06 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 3.22 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 22.45 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 52.02 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 1,040,400 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 57.7 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00031 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 96.62% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 12,495.19 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | n.a. | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 31,237.99 |
Remarks
References
- ^ Hochard, Pierre-Olivier (2020), Lydie, terre d'empire(s): Etude de numismatique et d'histoire (228 a.C.-268 p.C.), 2 vol., Bordeaux, 2020, 1325 p.
