S 1368 - Ecbatana (Orodes II), bronze (57-38 BCE)
From SILVER
57 BCE - 38 BCE Bronze
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Bust of the king left, wearing diadem (crowned by Nike/an eagle). (In the field, star(s) and/or crescent.) (Border of dots.) |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | Several legends: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΑΡΣΑΚΟΥ ΦΙΛΟΠΑΤΟΡΟΣ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥΣ ΦΙΛΕΛΛΗΝΟΣ (series I) ; ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΑΡΣΑΚΟΥ ΕΥΕΡΓΕΤΟΥ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥΣ ΦΙΛΕΛΛΗΝΟΣ (series III-XI, XIII-XVIII, XX, XXII-XXIV) ; ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ΑΡΣΑΚΟΥ ΘΕΟΠΑΤΟΡΟΣ ΕΥΕΡΓΕΤΟΥ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥΣ ΦΙΛΕΛΛΗΝΟΣ (series XII) ; ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ΑΡΣΑΚΟΥ ΕΥΕΡΓΕΤΟΥ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥΣ ΦΙΛΕΛΛΗΝΟΣ (series XXI) (Greek).Several types: 1) Eagle right, wings open or closed. (In the field, A) (series I, XIV-XV, XVII), 2) Head of bull facing. Between horns, star. In the field, crescent with star and A (series II), 3) Pegasus right. Under him, A (series III), 4) Horse protome right. In the field, A (series IV), 5) Quiver. In the field, A (series V, XVI), 6) deer right. In the field, monogram and A (series VI), 7) deer protomea right. In the field, monogram and A (series VII), 8) Horse right (nexte to a palm tree). In the field, A (series VIII-IX), 9) Ear of cereal. In the field, Ψ above A (series X), 10) Crescent with star. In the field, A (series XI), 11) Tyche right, holding crown (series XII), 12) Bust of Tyche right. In the right field, A (series XIII), 13) Nike right, holding crown. In the field, A (series XVIII), 14) Monogram. In the field, A (issue XIX), 15) Head of Tyche right. In the field, A (series XX), 16) Ancor. In the field, crescents and A (series XXI), 17) Star. In the field, A (series XXII), 18) deer right, grazing. Above, eagle. In the field, A (series XXIII), 19) Eagle standing on amphora between bunches of grapes. In the field, A (series XXIV). |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Ecbatana | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Media | Modern countryModern country: Iran | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: | Parthian Empire, Orodes II (king of the Parthian Empire, 57-38 BC) |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 57 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 38 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Hellenistic 323-30 BC 
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Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Bronze
|
DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | StandardStandard.: |
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | Boillet 20091Boillet 2009, p. 357-412, no. 1891-2454. | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 12 | 63.16 | 12 | 2.13 | D1 (series I), D2 (series I), D1 (series V), D2 (series V), D4 (series VI), D6 (series VI), D8 (series VI), D2 (series XII), D3 (series XII), D4 (series XII), D6 (series XII), D1 (series XIII) |
| 2 | 3 | 15.79 | 6 | 1.06 | D2 (series VI), D5 (series XII), D2 (series XIII) |
| 3 | 2 | 10.53 | 6 | 1.06 | D5 (series VI), D7 (series VI) |
| 5 | 1 | 5.26 | 5 | 0.89 | D1 (series VI) |
| 7 | 1 | 5.26 | 7 | 1.24 | D3 (series VI) |
| Total | 19 of 19 | 100 | 36 of 564 | 6.38 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 19 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 12 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 37 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 564 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 29.68 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 15.24 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 1.95 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 63.16 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 18.26 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 365,200 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 19.66 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00154 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 97.87% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 61,774.37 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | n.a. | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 154,435.93 |
Remarks
References
- ^ Boillet, Pierre-Yves (2009), Ecbatane et la Médie d’Alexandre aux Arsacides (c. 331 a.C. - c. 224 p.C.). Histoire monétaire et économique, unpublished doctoral dissertation, Bordeaux University.
