Syracuse (Timoleon), gold, quarter staters (Zeus/Pegasus) (342-336 BCE)
From SILVER
342 BCE - 336 BCE Gold 3,462 kg
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | ZEYΣ EΛEY – ΘEPIOΣ (Greek).Laureate head of Zeus Eleutherios l. |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | ΣYP – A – KO – ΣIΩN (Greek).Pegasus flying l., to l. AP ligate and below, three pellets. |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Syracuse | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Sicily | Modern countryModern country: Italy | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: | Timoleon of Corinth (411-337 BCE) |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 342 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 336 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Classical 480-323 BC 
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Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Gold
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 2.15 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | quarter stater, 30 litrai | StandardStandard.: |
Image
S1585 Syracuse Timoleon or.jpg [1]
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | Hochard 20221Hochard 2022, p. 44-48 | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | Sear I2Sear I, n° 960, HGC 23HGC 2, n° 1284 | ||
| Coin series web referenceCoin series web references: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 2 | 2 | 25 | 4 | 4.49 | 4, 5 |
| 3 | 1 | 12.5 | 3 | 3.37 | 3 |
| 4 | 2 | 25 | 8 | 8.99 | 1, 7 |
| 5 | 1 | 12.5 | 5 | 5.62 | 6 |
| 11 | 1 | 12.5 | 11 | 12.36 | 8 |
| 58 | 1 | 12.5 | 58 | 65.17 | 2 |
| Total | 8 of 8 | 100 | 89 of 89 | 100 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 8 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 9 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 89 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 11.13 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 9.89 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 1.13 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 8.05 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 161,000 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 8.79 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00055 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | % | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 22,111.8 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | 3,462 kg <br /> 3,462 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 55,279.5 |
Remarks
References
- ^ Hochard, Pierre-Olivier (2022), "Le monnayage d'or et d'argent de Syracuse sous Timoléon et la "Troisième démocratie" ", Revue Numismatique, 179, p. 17-81.
- ^ Sear, David R. (1978), Greek coins and their values. Vol. I, Europe, London, xl, 316 p.
- ^ Hoover, Oliver D. (2012), The Handbook of Greek Coinage Series. 2. Handbook of the Coins of Sicily (Including Lipara). Civic, Royal, Siculo-Punic, and Romano-Sicilian Issues. Sixth to First Centuries BC, Lancaster-London, 489 p.
