S 48 - Aradus, silver, tetradrachms (Alexander the Great) (246-167 BCE)
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{{Die Study | {{Die Study | ||
+ | |Image=S48 aradus tetradrachm 61.jpg | ||
+ | |Image reference=https://www.acsearch.info/search.html?id=5166038 | ||
|Obverse description=Head of Heracles right, wearing Nemean lion skin headdress. Border of dots. | |Obverse description=Head of Heracles right, wearing Nemean lion skin headdress. Border of dots. | ||
|Reverse legend=ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ | |Reverse legend=ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ | ||
|Reverse legend language=Greek | |Reverse legend language=Greek | ||
+ | |Reverse description=Zeus seated left on throne, holding eagle and sceptre. Controls: Palm tree in left field, monogram below throne; ΞA (date) in exergue. | ||
|Mint=Aradus | |Mint=Aradus | ||
− | |Authority=Alexander III the Great (Argead king, 336-323 BC) | + | |Ancient region=Phoenicia |
− | |Date from=246 | + | |Authority=Alexander III the Great (Argead king, 336-323 BC) |
− | |Date to=167 | + | |Date from=246 BCE |
+ | |Date to=167 BCE | ||
|Period=Hellenistic | |Period=Hellenistic | ||
|Metal=Silver | |Metal=Silver | ||
|Denomination=tetradrachm | |Denomination=tetradrachm | ||
− | | | + | |Standard=Attic |
− | | | + | |Median weight=17.00 |
− | |||
− | |||
|RQEM reference=RQEM ad. | |RQEM reference=RQEM ad. | ||
|RQEM reference number=48 | |RQEM reference number=48 | ||
+ | |Die study reference=Duyrat 2005, p. 38-43, n° 1114-1356 (Series I). | ||
+ | |Coin series reference=HGC 10, n° 60-61 | ||
|Coin series web reference=http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3365; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3367; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3368; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3369; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3370; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3371; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3372; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3373; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3376; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3377; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3379; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3380; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3381; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3382; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3383; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3384; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3385; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3386; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3387; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3388; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3389; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3390; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3391; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3392; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3393; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3394; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3395; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3396; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3397; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3398; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3399; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3400; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3401; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3402; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3403; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3404; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3405 | |Coin series web reference=http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3365; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3367; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3368; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3369; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3370; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3371; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3372; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3373; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3376; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3377; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3379; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3380; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3381; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3382; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3383; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3384; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3385; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3386; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3387; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3388; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3389; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3390; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3391; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3392; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3393; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3394; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3395; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3396; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3397; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3398; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3399; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3400; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3401; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3402; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3403; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3404; http://numismatics.org/pella/id/price.3405 | ||
|Number of obverse dies=50 | |Number of obverse dies=50 | ||
|Number of singletons=16 | |Number of singletons=16 | ||
+ | |Number of reverse dies=166 | ||
+ | |Number of coins=243 | ||
+ | |Workstation=Most likely one single workstation | ||
|Number of unidentified obverse dies=0 | |Number of unidentified obverse dies=0 | ||
− | |||
|Number of unidentified reverse dies=1 | |Number of unidentified reverse dies=1 | ||
− | |||
}} | }} | ||
{{Distribution Item | {{Distribution Item | ||
|Frequency=1 | |Frequency=1 | ||
|Number of dies=16 | |Number of dies=16 | ||
− | |Die name= | + | |Die name=9,10,11,15,16,19,22,25,30,35,37,40,45,46,49,50 |
}} | }} | ||
{{Distribution Item | {{Distribution Item | ||
|Frequency=2 | |Frequency=2 | ||
|Number of dies=4 | |Number of dies=4 | ||
− | |Die name= | + | |Die name=18,44,47,48 |
}} | }} | ||
{{Distribution Item | {{Distribution Item | ||
|Frequency=3 | |Frequency=3 | ||
|Number of dies=7 | |Number of dies=7 | ||
− | |Die name= | + | |Die name=13,14,20,24,28,29,39 |
}} | }} | ||
{{Distribution Item | {{Distribution Item | ||
|Frequency=4 | |Frequency=4 | ||
|Number of dies=6 | |Number of dies=6 | ||
− | |Die name= | + | |Die name=1,8,12,34,42,43 |
}} | }} | ||
{{Distribution Item | {{Distribution Item | ||
|Frequency=6 | |Frequency=6 | ||
|Number of dies=3 | |Number of dies=3 | ||
− | |Die name= | + | |Die name=3,21,36 |
}} | }} | ||
{{Distribution Item | {{Distribution Item | ||
|Frequency=7 | |Frequency=7 | ||
|Number of dies=4 | |Number of dies=4 | ||
− | |Die name= | + | |Die name=26,27,31,41 |
}} | }} | ||
{{Distribution Item | {{Distribution Item | ||
− | |Frequency= | + | |Frequency=9 |
− | |Number of dies= | + | |Number of dies=1 |
− | |Die name= | + | |Die name=2 |
}} | }} | ||
{{Distribution Item | {{Distribution Item | ||
|Frequency=10 | |Frequency=10 | ||
|Number of dies=3 | |Number of dies=3 | ||
− | |Die name= | + | |Die name=23,32,33 |
}} | }} | ||
{{Distribution Item | {{Distribution Item | ||
|Frequency=11 | |Frequency=11 | ||
|Number of dies=1 | |Number of dies=1 | ||
− | |Die name= | + | |Die name=7 |
}} | }} | ||
{{Distribution Item | {{Distribution Item | ||
|Frequency=13 | |Frequency=13 | ||
|Number of dies=1 | |Number of dies=1 | ||
− | |Die name= | + | |Die name=5 |
}} | }} | ||
{{Distribution Item | {{Distribution Item | ||
|Frequency=14 | |Frequency=14 | ||
|Number of dies=1 | |Number of dies=1 | ||
− | |Die name= | + | |Die name=6 |
}} | }} | ||
{{Distribution Item | {{Distribution Item | ||
|Frequency=16 | |Frequency=16 | ||
|Number of dies=2 | |Number of dies=2 | ||
− | |Die name= | + | |Die name=4,17 |
}} | }} | ||
{{Distribution Item | {{Distribution Item | ||
|Frequency=19 | |Frequency=19 | ||
|Number of dies=1 | |Number of dies=1 | ||
− | |Die name= | + | |Die name=38 |
}} | }} | ||
{{Distribution Reverse Item | {{Distribution Reverse Item | ||
|Die name=R1,R2,R3,R4,R5,R6,R7,R8,R9,R10,R11,R12,R13,R14,R15,R16,R17,R18,R19,R20,R21,R22,R23,R24,R25,R26,R27,R28,R29,R30,R31,R32,R33,R34,R35,R36,R37,R38,R39,R40,R41,R42,R43,R44,R45,R46,R47,R48,R49,R50,R51,R52,R53,R54,R55,R56,R57,R58,R59,R60,R61,R62,R63,R64,R65,R66,R67,R68,R69,R70,R71,R72,R73,R74,R75,R76,R77,R78,R79,R80,R81,R82,R83,R84,R85,R86,R87,R88,R89,R90,R91,R92,R93,R94,R95,R96,R97,R98,R99,R100,R101,R102,R103,R104,R105,R106,R107,R108,R109,R110,R111,R112,R113,R114,R115,R116,R117,R118,R119,R120,R121,R122,R123,R124,R125,R126,R127,R128,R129,R130,R131,R132,R133,R134,R135,R136,R137,R138,R139,R140,R141,R142,R143,R144,R145,R146,R147,R148,R149,R150,R151,R152,R153,R154,R155,R156,R157,R158,R159,R160,R161,R162,R163,R164,R165,R166 | |Die name=R1,R2,R3,R4,R5,R6,R7,R8,R9,R10,R11,R12,R13,R14,R15,R16,R17,R18,R19,R20,R21,R22,R23,R24,R25,R26,R27,R28,R29,R30,R31,R32,R33,R34,R35,R36,R37,R38,R39,R40,R41,R42,R43,R44,R45,R46,R47,R48,R49,R50,R51,R52,R53,R54,R55,R56,R57,R58,R59,R60,R61,R62,R63,R64,R65,R66,R67,R68,R69,R70,R71,R72,R73,R74,R75,R76,R77,R78,R79,R80,R81,R82,R83,R84,R85,R86,R87,R88,R89,R90,R91,R92,R93,R94,R95,R96,R97,R98,R99,R100,R101,R102,R103,R104,R105,R106,R107,R108,R109,R110,R111,R112,R113,R114,R115,R116,R117,R118,R119,R120,R121,R122,R123,R124,R125,R126,R127,R128,R129,R130,R131,R132,R133,R134,R135,R136,R137,R138,R139,R140,R141,R142,R143,R144,R145,R146,R147,R148,R149,R150,R151,R152,R153,R154,R155,R156,R157,R158,R159,R160,R161,R162,R163,R164,R165,R166 | ||
}} | }} |
Latest revision as of 17:41, 8 March 2023
246 BCE - 167 BCE Silver 18,982 kg
Description
ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Head of Heracles right, wearing Nemean lion skin headdress. Border of dots. |
ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ (Greek).Zeus seated left on throne, holding eagle and sceptre. Controls: Palm tree in left field, monogram below throne, ΞA (date) in exergue. |
Mint and issuing power
MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Aradus | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Phoenicia | Modern countryModern country: Syria | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: | Alexander III the Great (Argead king, 336-323 BC) |
Chronology
FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 246 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 167 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Hellenistic 323-30 BC ![]() |
Physical description
MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Silver ![]() |
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 17.00 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | tetradrachm ![]() |
StandardStandard.: | Attic |
Image
![](/w/img_auth.php/3/3c/S48_aradus_tetradrachm_61.jpg)
S48 aradus tetradrachm 61.jpg [1]
References
Obverse dies distribution
FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
1 | 16 | 32 | 16 | 6.58 | 9, 10, 11, 15, 16, 19, 22, 25, 30, 35, 37, 40, 45, 46, 49, 50 |
2 | 4 | 8 | 8 | 3.29 | 18, 44, 47, 48 |
3 | 7 | 14 | 21 | 8.64 | 13, 14, 20, 24, 28, 29, 39 |
4 | 6 | 12 | 24 | 9.88 | 1, 8, 12, 34, 42, 43 |
6 | 3 | 6 | 18 | 7.41 | 3, 21, 36 |
7 | 4 | 8 | 28 | 11.52 | 26, 27, 31, 41 |
9 | 1 | 2 | 9 | 3.7 | 2 |
10 | 3 | 6 | 30 | 12.35 | 23, 32, 33 |
11 | 1 | 2 | 11 | 4.53 | 7 |
13 | 1 | 2 | 13 | 5.35 | 5 |
14 | 1 | 2 | 14 | 5.76 | 6 |
16 | 2 | 4 | 32 | 13.17 | 4, 17 |
19 | 1 | 2 | 19 | 7.82 | 38 |
Total | 50 of 50 | 100 | 243 of 243 | 100 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 50 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 16 |
Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 166 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 243 |
Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 4.86 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 1.46 |
Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 3.32 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 32 % |
Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 55.83 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 1,116,600 |
Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 62.95 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00022 |
Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 93.42% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 8,705 |
Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | 18,982 kg <br /> 18,982 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 21,762.49 |
Remarks
Most likely one single workstation