H 144 - Epirus (uncertain mint) (Epirote League), bronze (Zeus/thunderbolt) (148-50 BCE)
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{{Die Study | {{Die Study | ||
+ | |Image=H141a Epirus Zeus thunderbolt.jpg | ||
+ | |Image reference=https://pro.coinarchives.com/a/lotviewer.php?LotID=1121515&AucID=2239&Lot=80 | ||
+ | |Obverse description=Laureate head of Zeus l. | ||
|Reverse legend=AΠEIPΩTAN | |Reverse legend=AΠEIPΩTAN | ||
|Reverse legend language=Greek | |Reverse legend language=Greek | ||
+ | |Reverse description=Thunderbolt within wreath | ||
+ | |Mint=Epirus (uncertain mint) | ||
+ | |Ancient region=Epirus | ||
|Authority=Epirote League | |Authority=Epirote League | ||
− | |Date from=148 | + | |Date from=148 BCE |
− | |Date to=50 | + | |Date to=50 BCE |
|Period=Hellenistic | |Period=Hellenistic | ||
|Metal=Bronze | |Metal=Bronze | ||
− | | | + | |Median weight=6.50 |
− | |||
− | |||
|RQEM reference=RQEMH | |RQEM reference=RQEMH | ||
|RQEM reference number=144 | |RQEM reference number=144 | ||
+ | |Die study reference=Franke 1961 | ||
+ | |Coin series reference=Sear I, n° 1999; RQEMH, n° 144 | ||
|Number of obverse dies=145 | |Number of obverse dies=145 | ||
|Number of singletons=84 | |Number of singletons=84 | ||
|Number of reverse dies=186 | |Number of reverse dies=186 | ||
|Number of coins=304 | |Number of coins=304 | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | {{Distribution Item | ||
+ | |Frequency=1 | ||
+ | |Number of dies=84 | ||
+ | |Die name=2,8,11,12,13,15,16,17,18,19,21,25,26,29,31,32,33,34,38,41,42,45,46,48,49,50,51,54,55,59,60,61,65,66,68,70,72,73,74,78,80,81,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,100,103,104,110,111,112,113,114,116,117,118,119,120,124,126,128,132,133,134,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146 | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | {{Distribution Item | ||
+ | |Frequency=2 | ||
+ | |Number of dies=30 | ||
+ | |Die name=3,4,5,7,9,10,20,22,30,35,44,52,53,56,62,63,64,67,76,82,83,108,121,122,123,125,130,135,137,138 | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | {{Distribution Item | ||
+ | |Frequency=3 | ||
+ | |Number of dies=14 | ||
+ | |Die name=14,23,24,28,36,37,40,43,47,57,105,107,127,136 | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | {{Distribution Item | ||
+ | |Frequency=4 | ||
+ | |Number of dies=6 | ||
+ | |Die name=6,27,58,99,109,131 | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | {{Distribution Item | ||
+ | |Frequency=5 | ||
+ | |Number of dies=2 | ||
+ | |Die name=101,129 | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | {{Distribution Item | ||
+ | |Frequency=6 | ||
+ | |Number of dies=3 | ||
+ | |Die name=39,69,98 | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | {{Distribution Item | ||
+ | |Frequency=7 | ||
+ | |Number of dies=3 | ||
+ | |Die name=1,77,79 | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | {{Distribution Item | ||
+ | |Frequency=9 | ||
+ | |Number of dies=2 | ||
+ | |Die name=71,106 | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | {{Distribution Item | ||
+ | |Frequency=27 | ||
+ | |Number of dies=1 | ||
+ | |Die name=75 | ||
}} | }} |
Latest revision as of 17:29, 7 April 2023
148 BCE - 50 BCE Bronze
Description
ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Laureate head of Zeus l. |
ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | AΠEIPΩTAN (Greek).Thunderbolt within wreath |
Mint and issuing power
MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Epirus (uncertain mint) | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Epirus | Modern countryModern country: Greece | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: | Epirote League |
Chronology
FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 148 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 50 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Hellenistic 323-30 BC ![]() |
Physical description
MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Bronze ![]() |
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 6.50 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | StandardStandard.: |
Image
![](/w/img_auth.php/3/32/H141a_Epirus_Zeus_thunderbolt.jpg)
H141a Epirus Zeus thunderbolt.jpg [1]
References
Die study referencePublication of the study: | Franke 19611Franke 1961 | ||
Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | Sear I2Sear I, n° 1999, RQEMH3RQEMH, n° 144 |
Obverse dies distribution
FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
1 | 84 | 57.93 | 84 | 27.63 | 2, 8, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 25, 26, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 38, 41, 42, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 55, 59, 60, 61, 65, 66, 68, 70, 72, 73, 74, 78, 80, 81, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 100, 103, 104, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 124, 126, 128, 132, 133, 134, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146 |
2 | 30 | 20.69 | 60 | 19.74 | 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 20, 22, 30, 35, 44, 52, 53, 56, 62, 63, 64, 67, 76, 82, 83, 108, 121, 122, 123, 125, 130, 135, 137, 138 |
3 | 14 | 9.66 | 42 | 13.82 | 14, 23, 24, 28, 36, 37, 40, 43, 47, 57, 105, 107, 127, 136 |
4 | 6 | 4.14 | 24 | 7.89 | 6, 27, 58, 99, 109, 131 |
5 | 2 | 1.38 | 10 | 3.29 | 101, 129 |
6 | 3 | 2.07 | 18 | 5.92 | 39, 69, 98 |
7 | 3 | 2.07 | 21 | 6.91 | 1, 77, 79 |
9 | 2 | 1.38 | 18 | 5.92 | 71, 106 |
27 | 1 | 0.69 | 27 | 8.88 | 75 |
Total | 145 of 145 | 100.01 | 304 of 304 | 100 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 145 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 84 |
Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 186 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 304 |
Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 2.1 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 1.63 |
Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 1.28 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 57.93 % |
Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 226.78 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 4,535,600 |
Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 277.23 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00007 |
Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 72.37% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 2,681.01 |
Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | n.a. | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 6,702.53 |
Remarks
References
- ^ Franke, Peter Robert (1961), Die antiken Münzen von Epirus. I : Poleis, Stämme und epirotischer Bund bis 27 v. Chr. Katalog und Untersuchungen, Wiesbaden
- ^ Sear, David R. (1978), Greek coins and their values. Vol. I, Europe, London, xl, 316 p.
- ^ Callataÿ, François de (1997), Recueil quantitatif des émissions monétaires hellénistiques, Numismatique Romaine, Wetteren, X + 341 p.