S 444 - Messene, bronze, hemiobols (191-50 BCE)
From SILVER
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{{Die Study | {{Die Study | ||
+ | |Image=S_444_-_Messene,_bronze,_hemiobols_(191-50_BCE).png | ||
+ | |Image reference=https://www.acsearch.info/search.html?id=3316388 | ||
|Obverse description=Head of Demeter or Artemis right, wearing ear and leaves wreath or stephane. Border of dots. | |Obverse description=Head of Demeter or Artemis right, wearing ear and leaves wreath or stephane. Border of dots. | ||
− | |Reverse legend=ME | + | |Reverse legend=ME and ΔEΞIAΣ |
|Reverse legend language=Greek | |Reverse legend language=Greek | ||
|Reverse description=Zeus Ithomatas right, naked, holding thunderbolt in right hand and spear in left hand, eagle standing on left arm. In the field, tripod, and/or wreath and letters or name. | |Reverse description=Zeus Ithomatas right, naked, holding thunderbolt in right hand and spear in left hand, eagle standing on left arm. In the field, tripod, and/or wreath and letters or name. | ||
|Mint=Messene | |Mint=Messene | ||
− | |Date from=191 | + | |Ancient region=Peloponnesus |
− | |Date to=50 | + | |Date from=191 BCE |
+ | |Date to=50 BCE | ||
|Period=Hellenistic | |Period=Hellenistic | ||
|Metal=Bronze | |Metal=Bronze | ||
|Denomination=hemiobol | |Denomination=hemiobol | ||
− | | | + | |Median weight=5.80 |
|Diameter=20 (mode) | |Diameter=20 (mode) | ||
− | |||
|RQEM reference=RQEM ad. | |RQEM reference=RQEM ad. | ||
|RQEM reference number=444 | |RQEM reference number=444 | ||
+ | |Die study reference=Grandjean 2003, series XI. | ||
|Number of obverse dies=168 | |Number of obverse dies=168 | ||
|Number of singletons=68 | |Number of singletons=68 | ||
+ | |Number of reverse dies=308 | ||
+ | |Number of coins=505 | ||
|Number of unidentified obverse dies=49 | |Number of unidentified obverse dies=49 | ||
− | |||
|Number of unidentified reverse dies=49 | |Number of unidentified reverse dies=49 | ||
− | |||
}} | }} | ||
{{Distribution Item | {{Distribution Item | ||
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|Frequency=2 | |Frequency=2 | ||
|Number of dies=37 | |Number of dies=37 | ||
− | |Die name= | + | |Die name=140,148,149,153,155,159,160,166,170,175,185,192,194,197,202,213,228,229,231,237,239,243,244,249,250,251,253,257,259,262,263,264,266,283,286,290,301 |
}} | }} | ||
{{Distribution Item | {{Distribution Item | ||
|Frequency=3 | |Frequency=3 | ||
|Number of dies=26 | |Number of dies=26 | ||
− | |Die name= | + | |Die name=139,143,150,154,156,158,162,163,165,167,169,200,206,212,216,217,219,221,223,233,235,238,271,294,298,299 |
}} | }} | ||
{{Distribution Item | {{Distribution Item | ||
|Frequency=4 | |Frequency=4 | ||
|Number of dies=15 | |Number of dies=15 | ||
− | |Die name= | + | |Die name=142,144,157,199,201,203,204,207,226,230,242,247,275,276,277 |
}} | }} | ||
{{Distribution Item | {{Distribution Item | ||
|Frequency=5 | |Frequency=5 | ||
|Number of dies=6 | |Number of dies=6 | ||
− | |Die name= | + | |Die name=191,209,215,224,234,246 |
+ | }} | ||
+ | {{Distribution Item | ||
+ | |Frequency=6 | ||
+ | |Number of dies=4 | ||
+ | |Die name=218,222,236,281 | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | {{Distribution Item | ||
+ | |Frequency=7 | ||
+ | |Number of dies=3 | ||
+ | |Die name=146,232,289 | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | {{Distribution Item | ||
+ | |Frequency=8 | ||
+ | |Number of dies=2 | ||
+ | |Die name=210,295 | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | {{Distribution Item | ||
+ | |Frequency=9 | ||
+ | |Number of dies=3 | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | {{Distribution Item | ||
+ | |Frequency=10 | ||
+ | |Number of dies=1 | ||
+ | |Die name=291 | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | {{Distribution Item | ||
+ | |Frequency=11 | ||
+ | |Number of dies=1 | ||
+ | |Die name=145 | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | {{Distribution Item | ||
+ | |Frequency=12 | ||
+ | |Number of dies=1 | ||
+ | |Die name=288 | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | {{Distribution Item | ||
+ | |Frequency=25 | ||
+ | |Number of dies=1 | ||
+ | |Die name=292 | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | {{Distribution Reverse Item | ||
+ | |Die name=R186,R187,R188,R189,R190,R191,R192,R193,R194,R195,R196,R197,R198,R199,R200,R201,R202,R203,R204,R205,R206,R207,R208,R209,R210,R211,R212,R213,R214,R215,R216,R217,R218,R219,R220,R221,R222,R223,R224,R225,R226,R227,R228,R229,R230,R231,R232,R233,R234,R235,R236,R237,R238,R239,R240,R241,R242,R243,R244,R245,R246,R247,R248,R249,R250,R251,R252,R253,R254,R255,R256,R257,R258,R259,R260,R261,R262,R263,R264,R265,R266,R267,R268,R269,R270,R271,R272,R273,R274,R275,R276,R277,R278,R279,R280,R281,R282,R283,R284,R285,R286,R287,R288,R289,R290,R291,R292,R293,R294,R295,R296,R297,R298,R299,R300,R301,R302,R303,R304,R305,R306,R307,R308,R309,R310,R311,R312,R313,R314,R315,R316,R317,R318,R319,R320,R321,R322,R323,R324,R325,R326,R327,R328R329,R330,R331,R332,R333,R334,R335,R336,R337,R338,R339,R340,R341,R342,R343,R344,R345,R346,R347,R348,R349,R350,R351,R352,R353,R354,R355,R356,R357,R358,R359,R360,R361,R362,R363,R364,R365,R366,R367,R368,R369,R370,R371,R372,R373,R374,R375,R376,R377,R378,R379,R380,R381,R382,R383,R384,R385,R386,R387,R388,R389,R390,R391,R392,R393,R394,R395,R396,R397,R398,R399,R400,R401,R402,R403,R404,R405,R406,R407,R408,R409,R410,R411,R412,R413,R414,R415,R416,R417,R418,R419,R420,R421,R422,R423,R424,R425,R426,R427,R428,R429,R430,R431,R432,R433,R434,R435,R436,R437,R438,R439,R440,R441,R442,R443,R444,R445,R446,R447,R448,R449,R450,R451,R452,R453,R454,R455,R456,R457,R458,R459,R460,R461,R462,R463,R464,R465,R466,R467,R468,R469,R470,R471,R472,R473,R474,R475,R476,R477,R478,R479,R480,R481,R482,R483,R484,R485,R486,R487,R488,R489,R490,R491,R492,R493 | ||
}} | }} |
Latest revision as of 15:50, 31 July 2023
191 BCE - 50 BCE Bronze
Description
ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Head of Demeter or Artemis right, wearing ear and leaves wreath or stephane. Border of dots. |
ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | ME and ΔEΞIAΣ (Greek).Zeus Ithomatas right, naked, holding thunderbolt in right hand and spear in left hand, eagle standing on left arm. In the field, tripod, and/or wreath and letters or name. |
Mint and issuing power
MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Messene | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Peloponnesus | Modern countryModern country: Greece | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: |
Chronology
FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 191 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 50 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Hellenistic 323-30 BC ![]() |
Physical description
MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Bronze ![]() |
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 5.80 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | hemiobol ![]() |
StandardStandard.: |
Image
![](/w/img_auth.php/8/8d/S_444_-_Messene%2C_bronze%2C_hemiobols_%28191-50_BCE%29.png)
S_444_-_Messene,_bronze,_hemiobols_(191-50_BCE).png [1]
References
Die study referencePublication of the study: | Grandjean 20031Grandjean 2003, series XI. | ||
Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: |
Obverse dies distribution
FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
1 | 68 | 40.48 | 68 | 13.47 | D137, D138, D141, D147, D151, D152, D161, D164, D168, D171, D172, D173, D174, D176, D177, D178, D179, D180, D181, D182, D183, D184, D186, D187, D188, D189, D190, D193, D195, D196, D198, D208, D214, D220, D227, D240, D241, D245, D248, D252, D254, D255, D256, D258, D260, D261, D265, D267, D268, D269, D270, D272, D273, D274, D278, D279, D280, D282, D284, D285, D287, D293, D296, D297, D300, D302, D303, D304 |
2 | 37 | 22.02 | 74 | 14.65 | 140, 148, 149, 153, 155, 159, 160, 166, 170, 175, 185, 192, 194, 197, 202, 213, 228, 229, 231, 237, 239, 243, 244, 249, 250, 251, 253, 257, 259, 262, 263, 264, 266, 283, 286, 290, 301 |
3 | 26 | 15.48 | 78 | 15.45 | 139, 143, 150, 154, 156, 158, 162, 163, 165, 167, 169, 200, 206, 212, 216, 217, 219, 221, 223, 233, 235, 238, 271, 294, 298, 299 |
4 | 15 | 8.93 | 60 | 11.88 | 142, 144, 157, 199, 201, 203, 204, 207, 226, 230, 242, 247, 275, 276, 277 |
5 | 6 | 3.57 | 30 | 5.94 | 191, 209, 215, 224, 234, 246 |
6 | 4 | 2.38 | 24 | 4.75 | 218, 222, 236, 281 |
7 | 3 | 1.79 | 21 | 4.16 | 146, 232, 289 |
8 | 2 | 1.19 | 16 | 3.17 | 210, 295 |
9 | 3 | 1.79 | 27 | 5.35 | |
10 | 1 | 0.6 | 10 | 1.98 | 291 |
11 | 1 | 0.6 | 11 | 2.18 | 145 |
12 | 1 | 0.6 | 12 | 2.38 | 288 |
25 | 1 | 0.6 | 25 | 4.95 | 292 |
Total | 168 of 168 | 100.03 | 456 of 505 | 90.31 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 168 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 68 |
Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 308 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 505 |
Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 3.01 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 1.64 |
Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 1.83 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 40.48 % |
Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 213.05 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 4,261,000 |
Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 251.75 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00012 |
Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 86.53% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 4,740.67 |
Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | n.a. | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 11,851.68 |
Remarks
References
- ^ C. Grandjean, Les Messéniens de 370/369 au 1er siècle de notre ère. Monnayages et histoire, Athens, 2003