Panticapaeum, silver, drachms (550-410 BCE)
From SILVER
550 - 410 Silver 4,263 kg
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Head of lion facing. |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | ΠΑ (type X) ; ΠΑΝ (type XI) ; ΠΑΝΤ(Ι) (type XVII) ; ΑΠΟΛ (type XXXV) (Greek). |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Panticapaeum | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Bosporus | Modern countryModern country: Russia (Crimea) | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 550 | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 410 | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Archaic and Classical |
Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Silver 
|
DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | drachma
|
StandardStandard.: | |
| List of weightsList of the actual weights of a numismatic object (in grams).: | 3.843.84 g <br />3,840 mg <br />, 4.34.3 g <br />4,300 mg <br />, 4.314.31 g <br />4,310 mg <br />, 4.344.34 g <br />4,340 mg <br />, 4.354.35 g <br />4,350 mg <br />, 4.544.54 g <br />4,540 mg <br />, 4.614.61 g <br />4,610 mg <br />, 4.714.71 g <br />4,710 mg <br />, 5.065.06 g <br />5,060 mg <br />, 5.075.07 g <br />5,070 mg <br />, 5.325.32 g <br />5,320 mg <br />, 5.95.9 g <br />5,900 mg <br />, 6.76.7 g <br />6,700 mg <br /> |
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | N. Frolova1N. Frolova, Die frühe Münzprägung vom Kimmerischen Bosporos (Mitte 6. Bis Anfang 4. Jh.v.Chr.). Die Münzen der Städte Pantikapaion, Theodosia, Nymphaion und Phanagoria sowie der Sinder, Berlin, 2004 (p. 17-42, no. 1-2, 31, 293-297, 312, 400, 539, types I2types I, II, X, XI, XVII, XXXV). | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 10 | 90.91 | 10 | 71.43 | |
| 4 | 1 | 9.09 | 4 | 28.57 | |
| Total | 11 of 11 | 100 | 14 of 14 | 100 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 11 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 10 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 11 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 14 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 1.27 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 1.27 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 1 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 90.91 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 40.22 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 804,400 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 51.33 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00002 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 28.57% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 696.17 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | 0 kg <br /> 4,263 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 1,740.43 |
Remarks
