460 BCE - 426 BCE Silver 20,338 kg
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| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.:
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Mule biga driven r. by charioteer, above, Nike flying r. and below, bay leaf.
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| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.:
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MESSENION or MESSANION (Greek).Hare springing r., below, branch.
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Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.:
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Messana
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Ancient regionAncient region.:
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Sicily
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Modern countryModern country: Italy
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AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources:
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Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.
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460 BCE
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toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context..
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426 BCE
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PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Classical 480-323 BC 
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Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.:
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Silver
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Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams
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17.25
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DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.:
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tetradrachm
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StandardStandard.:
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Attic
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AC 66 - Zancle, silver, tetradrachm, 460-426 BC.jpg
[1]
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study:
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Caccamo Caltabiano 19931Caccamo Caltabiano 1993, n° 296-307, 322-33, 349-83, 415-24, 437-47 et 463-70.
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| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study:
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Sear I2Sear I, n° 843, 847 and 850-851, RQEMAC3RQEMAC, n° 66, HGC 24HGC 2, n° 783
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| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ
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Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o)
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% (o)
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Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n)
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% (n)
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Die nameName(s) of the die(s).
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| 1
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3
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5.17
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3
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0.52
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132, 135, 191
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| 2
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2
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3.45
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4
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0.7
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177, 184
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| 3
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3
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5.17
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9
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1.57
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141, 188, 192
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| 4
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6
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10.34
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24
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4.17
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147, 155, 172, 189, 190, 194
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| 6
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2
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3.45
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12
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2.09
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133, 164
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| 7
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3
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5.17
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21
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3.65
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138, 181, 193
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| 8
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7
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12.07
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56
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9.74
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137, 144, 165, 167, 179, 186, 187
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| 9
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2
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3.45
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18
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3.13
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134;182
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| 10
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7
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12.07
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70
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12.17
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136, 139, 170, 173, 176, 178, 180
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| 11
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2
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3.45
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22
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3.83
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162, 163
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| 12
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3
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5.17
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36
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6.26
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148, 166, 171
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| 13
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7
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12.07
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91
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15.83
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143, 145, 160, 161, 169, 183, 195
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| 14
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1
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1.72
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14
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2.43
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154
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| 16
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2
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3.45
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32
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5.57
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168, 185
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| 17
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2
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3.45
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34
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5.91
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153, 157
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| 18
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1
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1.72
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18
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3.13
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156
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| 21
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3
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5.17
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63
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10.96
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146, 149, 158
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| 22
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1
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1.72
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22
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3.83
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159
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| 26
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1
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1.72
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26
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4.52
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142
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| Total
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58 of 58
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99.98
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575 of 575
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100.01
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Expand
no distribution is available
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| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o)
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58
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Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ
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3
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| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r)
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60
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Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n)
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575
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| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o)
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9.91
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Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r)
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9.58
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| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o)
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1.03
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Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ
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5.17 %
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| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ
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58.95
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Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ
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1,179,000
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| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O)
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64.51
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Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ
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0.00049
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| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O)
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99.48%
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Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ
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19,508.06
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| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ
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20,338 kg <br /> 20,338 kg
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Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ
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48,770.14
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Most likely one single workstation
AC 66 - Messana, silver, tetradrachms (460-426 BCE)
